By
Robert O. Dawson
Bryant Smith Chair in Law
University of Texas School of Law
2001 Case Summaries 2000 Case Summaries 1999 Case Summaries
Evidence sufficient for retaliation against
school official; removal from home findings supported by evidence (99-3-30)
On July 30, 1999, the Tyler Court of Appeals upheld an adjudication for the
offense of retaliation against a public servant for a threat the juvenile made
against a school official who had removed an apparent gang cloth from his
clothing. The Court of Appeals also upheld the juvenile court’s dispositional
findings made to enable the placement of the juvenile in a boot camp as a
condition of probation.
99-3-30. In the Matter of B.M., ___ S.W.2d ___, No. 12-98-00311-CV, 1999 WL
562765, 1999 Tex.App.Lexis ___ (Tex.App.-Tyler 7/30/99)[Texas Juvenile Law (4th
Edition 1996)].
Facts: B.M., a juvenile, appeals from the trial court's adjudication that he
engaged in delinquent conduct and the disposition placing him on probation for
one year. B.M. challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial
court's findings at both the adjudication and disposition phases of the juvenile
proceeding.
On the morning of August 26, 1998, B.M. was a ninth grade student at Carthage
High School. He violated the school dress code when he went to school with a red
rag in the back pocket of his pants. School Disciplinary Supervisor Charles
Lefall ("Lefall") stopped B.M. and asked him for the rag, and B.M.
turned over the rag to Lefall. During the lunch break, Lefall encountered B.M.
twice, and on both occasions, B.M. asked Lefall to return his rag, but Lefall
refused. At the adjudication hearing, Lefall testified that the following
conversation took place between himself and B.M. after his second refusal to
return the rag:
B.M.: Well, I want my towel.
LEFALL: Well, I told you I'm not going to give it to you.
B.M.: Man, I want my towel.
LEFALL: I told you I am not going to give it to you.
B.M.: Well, I tell you what, I guess I'll just have to get my gun then.
LEFALL: Do what?
B.M.: I'll just get my gun.
LEFALL: What do you plan on doing with it?
B.M.: Well, I'll shoot you.
LEFALL: Well, I hope you don't miss.
B.M.: I won't miss.
In its Original Adjudication Petition, the State alleged that B.M. had engaged
in delinquent conduct in that he did then and there intentionally and knowingly
threaten to harm Charles Lefall by an unlawful act, to-wit: shooting him with a
gun, in retaliation for or on account of the service of Charles Lefall as a
public servant.
On September 14, 1998, the trial court conducted adjudication and disposition
hearings in this matter. The court filed written findings of fact which included
the following:
4. On or about the 26th day of August, 1996, B.M. engaged in delinquent conduct
as defined by Texas Family Code § 51.03(a)(1);
5. On or about the 26th day of August, 1996, B.M. committed the offense of
Retaliation in violation of Texas Penal Code § 36.06(a)(1)(A);
6. B.M. is in need of rehabilitation;
7. The public is in need of protection from B.M.;
8. B.M. cannot be provided the quality of care and level of support and
supervision that he needs to meet the conditions of probation in his home.
At the conclusion of the disposition hearing, the court placed B.M. on probation
for a period of one year, including a 90 day boot camp and a 90 day period of
intensive supervision probation following boot camp.
In his first and second points of error, B.M. contends that the evidence was
legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding that he
had engaged in delinquent conduct. Specifically, B.M. asserts that the evidence
offered at his adjudication hearing did not establish the elements of
retaliation, but at most constituted proof of assault, a Class C misdemeanor as
set forth in Texas Penal Code s 22.01(c). We disagree.
1. Standard of Review
In a bench trial, findings of fact are of the same force and dignity as a jury's
verdict. In the Matter of T.D., 817 S.W.2d 771, 777 (Tex.App.-- Houston [1st
Dist.] 1991, writ denied). An appellate court reviews those findings for legal
and factual sufficiency by the same standards applied to reviewing evidence in
support of a jury's verdict. Id. The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure govern
juvenile proceedings, except to the extent that those rules conflict with the
Juvenile Justice Code. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 51.17(a) (Vernon 1996). However,
the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a child has committed an
offense and thereby engaged in delinquent conduct. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. s 54.03(f)
(Vernon 1996). Therefore, when reviewing the evidence in a juvenile proceeding,
an appellate court applies, not the civil "no evidence" standard of
review, but the more stringent legal sufficiency standard as set forth in
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 320, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789-90, 61 L.Ed.2d 560
(1979); R.X.F. v. State, 921 S.W.2d 888, 899 (Tex.App.--Waco 1996, no writ).
[FN3]
The standard for reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence is
"whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.E.2d 560 (1979). See also Richardson v. State, 879 S.W.2d
874, 879 (Tex.Cr.App.1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1085, 115 S.Ct. 741, 130
L.Ed.2d 643 (1995). In a bench trial, the judge, as trier of fact, determines
the credibility of the witnesses and can believe or reject all or any part of
the testimony. In the Matter of C.D.F., 852 S.W.2d 281 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1993,
no writ). In reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge, the appellate court
reviews all of the evidence impartially and sets aside the verdict only if it is
so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong
and unjust. In the Matter of A.S., 954 S.W.2d 855, 860 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997,
no pet.); R.X.F., 921 S.W.2d at 900.
2. Applicable Law
Delinquent conduct is "conduct, other than a traffic offense, that violates
a penal law of this state or of the United States punishable by imprisonment or
by confinement in jail." Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 51.03(a)(1) (Vernon 1996
& Supp.1999). The offense of retaliation is a third degree felony and is
punishable by imprisonment. Tex. Pen.Code Ann. §§ 12.34(a), 36.06(c) (Vernon
1994). A person commits the offense of retaliation if he intentionally or
knowingly harms or threatens to harm another by an unlawful act in retaliation
for or on account of the service of another as a public servant, witness,
prospective witness, or informant. Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 36.06(a)(1)(A) (Vernon
Supp.1999). Public servants, as defined by the Penal Code, include employees of
independent school districts. Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 1.07(24), (41) (Vernon
1994); see also Powell v. State, 549 S.W.2d 398, 399 (Tex.Cr.App.1977). The
retaliation statute's purpose is not limited to a reduction in the number of
killings, but also to encourage "a certain class of citizens to perform
vital public duties without fear of retribution." Doyle v. State, 661
S.W.2d 726, 728 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); see also Puckett v. State, 801 S.W.2d 188,
194 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, pet. ref'd), cert. denied, 502 U.S.
990, 112 S.Ct. 606, 116 L.Ed.2d 629 (1991). The statute does not require that
the threatened retaliatory harm be imminent, nor does it require that the actor
actually intend to carry out his threat. Coward v. State, 931 S.W.2d 386, 389 (Tex.App.--Houston
[14th Dist.] 1996, no pet.); Puckett, 801 S.W.2d at 194.
Taking into consideration all of the evidence in light of the Jackson v.
Virginia standard, a rational trier of fact could have found that B.M. committed
the offense of retaliation beyond a reasonable doubt. The State was required to
prove that B.M. intentionally and knowingly threatened to shoot Lefall on
account of his service as a public servant. B.M. repeatedly asked Lefall to
return his rag, and Lefall refused. Because of the refusal, B.M. threatened to
get a gun and shoot Lefall. As an employee of Carthage Independent School
District, Lefall enjoyed the status of "public servant" in accordance
with the Penal Code definition. There was sufficient evidence from which the
trial court, as trier of fact, could find that B.M. threatened to harm Lefall on
account of his public service.
In his brief, B.M. argues that his actions constituted misdemeanor assault, but
not retaliation. We disagree for two reasons. First, misdemeanor assault
requires that the actor threaten another with imminent bodily injury. See Tex.
Pen.Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(3) (Vernon 1994) (emphasis added). There was no proof
that B.M.'s threat to harm Lefall was imminent. Second, B.M.'s characterization
of the incident as mere assault ignores the public servant status of the victim.
It is clear that the Legislature intended to protect public servants from
retaliation for the exercise of their duties. We therefore hold that the trial
court did not err in finding that B.M. had engaged in delinquent conduct and
overrule his first point.
Viewing the evidence impartially, it appears that there was, likewise, factually
sufficient evidence to support the trial court's ruling. In his brief, B.M.
argues that his conversation with Lefall was merely "playful banter,"
and not meant to be taken seriously. The only evidence that tends to support
this allegation is B.M.'s mother's testimony at his detention hearing, where she
stated, "I think he was just mouthing off because he doesn't own a
gun." After considering this evidence, we do not consider the court's
finding to be so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be
clearly wrong and unjust. We overrule point two.
In his third point of error, B.M. contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by finding that he committed the offense of retaliation. As discussed
in points one and two, there was sufficient evidence to support the trial
court's finding that B.M. committed retaliation against Lefall. At the
conclusion of the adjudication hearing, the court was required to consider the
competent evidence and find whether the child had engaged in delinquent conduct.
See Tex. Fam.Code Ann. §54.03(f) (Vernon 1996). Because the court made findings
in accordance with the evidence, we will not reevaluate its decision under an
abuse of discretion standard.
B.M. also suggests that the court abused its discretion by making only
conclusions of law, without findings of fact. B.M. cites no authority and makes
no argument regarding this allegation, as required by the appellate rules. See
Tex.R.App. P. 38.1(h). However, in the interest of justice, we will attempt to
address his contention.
The court made eight findings of fact and two conclusions of law. The second
conclusion of law states, "any finding of fact that amounts to a conclusion
of law shall be deemed a conclusion of law." While we agree with B.M. that
the court's factual findings four and five are more properly conclusions, we do
not find that the absence of true findings prejudiced him.
An appellant suffers harm from the absence of findings when he must guess the
reasons that the judge has ruled against him. In the Matter of O.L., 834 S.W.2d
415, 418 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1992, no writ). The appellate court should
consider whether the appellant was prevented from making a proper presentation
of the issues in the case. Id. Further, a finding that a juvenile violated any
penal law of this state that is punishable by imprisonment or confinement in
jail is sufficient to support an adjudication of delinquency. Tex. Fam.Code Ann.
s 51.03(a) (Vernon 1996 & Supp.1999); O.L., 834 S.W.2d at 418.
The trial court found that B.M. had committed the offense of retaliation in
violation of Texas Penal Code s 36.06(a)(1)(A). While the court did not make
findings on each of the elements that comprise the offense, the findings were
not so inadequate that B.M. was required to guess the reason that the court
found that he had committed the offense. The State's petition, as discussed
above, alleged that B.M.'s violation of the retaliation statute arose out of one
specific conversation between himself and Lefall. Further, the State proved each
allegation contained in the petition. We hold that the trial court did not act
arbitrarily or without reference to guiding rules and principles in finding that
B.M. committed the offense of retaliation. We overrule point three.
THE DISPOSITION HEARING
In his fourth and fifth points of error, B.M. contends that the evidence was
both legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's findings
that he was in need of rehabilitation (finding 6) and the public in need of
protection from him (finding 7). In support of this contention, B.M. alleges
that the court "received no evidence, legal or factual on whether Appellant
[B.M.] is in need of rehabilitation or the protection of the public or Appellant
requires that a disposition be made." In support of the trial court's
finding, the State points to the disposition hearing testimony of Alan Moon
("Moon"), B.M.'s probation officer. He stated that he had supervised
B.M. as a probationer for approximately 25 months. Appellant had previously been
adjudicated to have engaged in delinquent conduct, specifically, Class B
misdemeanor theft. Additionally, the court had recently placed B.M. on deferred
adjudication supervision for evading arrest, also a Class B misdemeanor. Moon
stated, "I've worked with [B.M.] on deferred prosecution. I've worked with
[B.M.] on court ordered adjudication and now he's back in my office again. I
feel that additional steps need to be taken to prevent further delinquent
conduct in the future."
The evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the court's
findings that B.M. was in need of rehabilitation and that the public was in need
of protection from B.M. He had engaged in delinquent conduct three times, and in
threatening Lefall, had committed a more serious offense: he had progressed from
misdemeanors to a third degree felony and from a non-violent crime to a violent
crime. From Moon's evidence, the court could find that B.M. was in need of
rehabilitation and the public in need of protection from him. We overrule B.M.'s
fourth and fifth points of error.
In his sixth and final point, B.M. asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion by finding that he was in need of rehabilitation and the public or
Appellant is in need of protection. As discussed above, there was legally and
factually sufficient evidence to support findings 6 and 7. Therefore, we will
not reevaluate that question under an abuse of discretion standard.
Although not specifically addressed in his point, B.M. also avers that the court
also abused its discretion in committing him to 90 days of boot camp. We
disagree. A juvenile judge has broad discretion to determine a suitable
disposition of a child who has been adjudicated to have engaged in delinquent
conduct. In re T.A.F., 977 S.W.2d 386, 387 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1998, no
pet.); A.S., 954 S.W.2d at 861. Absent an abuse of discretion, an appellate
court will not disturb the juvenile court's findings. Id. However, a trial court
may not make a disposition placing a juvenile outside of his home unless the
court finds that the child cannot be provided the quality of care and level of
support and supervision that the child needs to meet the conditions of probation
in his home. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 54.04(c) (Vernon 1996).
In the instant case, the trial court made the necessary finding to place B.M.
outside of his home. Further, the evidence of B.M.'s two previous periods of
probation supported that finding. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in ordering that B.M. attend boot camp and overrule his sixth point
of error.
FN3. Historically, Texas intermediate appellate courts have applied the civil
"no evidence" standard in reviewing challenges to the legal
sufficiency of the evidence in juvenile matters. See, e.g., In the Matter of
M.M.R., 932 S.W.2d 112, 113 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1996, no writ); In the Matter of
S.A.M., 933 S.W.2d 744, 745 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1996, no writ).
Recently, however, the Waco and El Paso courts have published well-reasoned
opinions which specifically rejected the civil "no evidence" standard
as not providing constitutionally sufficient review of the evidence in light of
the State's burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. In the Matter of A.S.,
954 S.W.2d 855, 858 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, no pet.); R.X.F. v. State, 921
S.W.2d 888, 899 (Tex.App.--Waco 1996, no writ); see also In the Matter of C.D.F.,
852 S.W.2d 281, 283- 84 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1993, no writ). We join the El Paso,
Waco, and Dallas courts in applying the Jackson v. Virginia standard of legal
sufficiency to the determination of whether a juvenile has committed a criminal
offense beyond a reasonable doubt.